Artificial Intelligence Evolution: On the virtue of killing in the artificial age
DOI: 349 Downloads 6760 Views
Author(s)
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses historically unique challenges for humankind. In a world, where there is a currently ongoing blend between human beings and artificial intelligence, the emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life. With AI being endowed with quasi-human rights and citizenship in the Western and Arabic worlds, the question arises how to handle overpopulation but also misbehavior of AI? Should AI become eternal or is there a virtue in switching off AI at a certain point? If so, we may have to redefine laws around killing, define a virtue of killing and draw on philosophy to answer the question how to handle the abyss of killing AI with ethical grace, rational efficiency and fair style. The presented theoretical results will set the ground for a controlled AI-evolution in the 21st century, in which humankind determines which traits should remain dominant and which are meant to be killed.
Keywords
Key words: Artificial Intelligence, AI, algorithms, cognitive robotics, AI-evolution, emerging technologies, ethical issues, ethics, human robot interaction, international law, killing, legal personhood, roboethics, robot-rights, social robots, virtue of killing
Cite this paper
Julia M. Puaschunder,
Artificial Intelligence Evolution: On the virtue of killing in the artificial age
, SCIREA Journal of Sociology.
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2019 | PP. 10-29.
References
[ 1 ] | Alemi, M., Meghdari, A. & Saffari, E. (2017). RoMa: A hi-tech robotic mannequin for the fashion industry. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS): Social Robotics, 10652, 209-219. |
[ 2 ] | Armstrong, St. & Sotala, K. (2012). How we're predicting AI – or failing to. In: J. Romportl (Ed.), Beyond AI: Artificial Dreams, 52. Pilsen: University of West Bohemia. |
[ 3 ] | Asimov, I. (1942/1950). I, Robot. New York: Bantam Dell. |
[ 4 ] | Asimov, I. (1978). My own view. In: R. Holdstock (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press. |
[ 5 ] | Asimov, I. (1985). Robots and empire. New York: Doubleday. |
[ 6 ] | Barrat, J. (2013). Our final invention: Artificial Intelligence and the end of the human era. New York: St. Martin’s Press. |
[ 7 ] | Beerbaum, D. & Puaschunder, J.M. (forthcoming). A behavioral economics approach to digitalization: The case of a principles-based taxonomy. Proceedings of the 9th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities organized by Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (RAIS) at The Erdman Center at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, August 22-23, 2018. |
[ 8 ] | Brenner, R. (2002). American economic revival, In R. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: The US in the World Economy. New York: Verso. |
[ 9 ] | Brenner, R. (2006a). The puzzle of the long downturn, In R. Brenner, The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945- 2005. New York: Verso. |
[ 10 ] | Brenner, R. (2006b). From boom to downturn, In R. Brenner, The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945-2005. New York: Verso. |
[ 11 ] | Cellan-Jones, R. (2014). Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind, BBC News, 2 December. www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540 |
[ 12 ] | Căpek, K. (1921). Rossum’s universal robots. New York: Penguin. |
[ 13 ] | Clancy, E. (1998). The tragedy of the global commons. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 5, 2, 601-619. |
[ 14 ] | Committee on Legal Affairs. 2016. Draft Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics. May 31. 2015/2103(INL) |
[ 15 ] | Copeland, J. (2000). What is Artificial Intelligence? AlanTuring.net, May. www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/ Reference%20Articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI02.html |
[ 16 ] | Critchley, S. (2015). Suicide. London: Fitzcarraldo Editions. |
[ 17 ] | Critchley, S. & Hume, D. (2016). Notes on suicide. London: Fitzcarraldo Editions. |
[ 18 ] | Dowell, R. (2018). Fundamental protections for non-biological intelligences or: How we learn to stop worrying and love our Robot Brethren.” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 19, 1, 305-336. |
[ 19 ] | EU Committee on Legal Affairs. 2016. Draft Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, May 31. |
[ 20 ] | Galeon, D. & Reedy, Ch. (2017). Kurzweil claims that the singularity will happen by 2045. Futurism, October 5, futurism.com/kurzweil-claims-that-the-singularity-will-happen-by-2045/ |
[ 21 ] | Hayes, A. (2018). The active construction of passive investors: Toward Robo economicus. Working paper, University of Wisconsin-Madison: Department of Sociology. |
[ 22 ] | Hildebrandt, M. (2013). Extraterritorial jurisdiction to enforce in cyberspace? Bodin, Schmitt, Grotius in cyberspace?” Toronto Law Journal, 63, 196-224. |
[ 23 ] | Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. |
[ 24 ] | Kowert, W. (2017). The foreseeability of human-artificial intelligence interactions. Texas Law Review, 96, 181-204. |
[ 25 ] | Larson, D.A. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: Robots, avatars, and the demise of the human mediator. Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 25, 105-164. |
[ 26 ] | Laton, D. (2016). Manhattan_Project.Exe: A nuclear option for the digital age. Catholic University Journal of Law & Technology, 25, 4, 94-153. |
[ 27 ] | Lin, P., Abney, K. & Bekey, G.A. (2012). Robot ethics: The ethical and social implications of Robotics. London, England: The MIT Press. |
[ 28 ] | MacDonald, F. (2016). Harvard scientists think they've pinpointed the physical source of consciousness. Science Alert, June 23. http://www.sciencealert.com/harvard-scientists-think-they-ve-pinpointed-the-neural-source-of-consciousness. |
[ 29 ] | Marra, W. & McNeil, S. (2013). “Understanding “the loop”: Regulating the next generation of war machines.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 36, 1139-1187. |
[ 30 ] | Meghdari, A. & Alemi, M. (2018). Recent advances in social & cognitive robotics and imminent ethical challenges. Proceedings of the 10th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities organized by Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (RAIS) at The Erdman Center at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Cambridge, MA: The Scientific Press. |
[ 31 ] | Meghdari, A., Alemi, M., Zakipour, M. & Kashanian, S.A. (2018). Design and realization of a sign language educational humanoid robot. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 1-15, Springer, 2018. |
[ 32 ] | Meghdari, A., Shariati, A., Alemi, M. & Vossoughi, G.R. (2018). Arash: A social robot buddy to support children with cancer in a hospital environment. Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 232, 6, 605-618. |
[ 33 ] | Noyes, K. (2016). 5 things you need to know about A.I.: Cognitive, neural and deep, oh my!” Computerworld, March 3. Retrieved at www.computerworld.com/article/3040563/enterprise-applications/5-things-you-need-toknow-about-ai-cognitive-neural-anddeep-oh-my.html |
[ 34 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2017a). Nugitize me! A behavioral finance approach to minimize losses and maximize profits from heuristics and biases. International Journal of Management Excellence, 10, 2, 1241-1256. |
[ 35 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2017b). Nudging in the digital big data era. European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics, 4, 4, 18-23. |
[ 36 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2017c). Nudgital: Critique of Behavioral Political Economy. Archives of Business Research, 5, 9, 54-76. |
[ 37 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2017d). The nudging divide in the digital big data era. International Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management, 4, 11-12, 49-53. |
[ 38 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2018a). A utility theory of privacy and information sharing. Social Science Research Network working paper, Retrievable at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3197744 |
[ 39 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (2018b). Artificial Intelligence Ethik. Social Science Research Network paper. Retrievable at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3137926 |
[ 40 ] | Puaschunder, J.M. (forthcoming). Towards a utility theory of privacy and information sharing and the introduction of hyper-hyperbolic disounting in the digital big data age. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. |
[ 41 ] | Russell, St. & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial intelligence a modern approach. New Jersey: Simon & Schuster. |
[ 42 ] | Saffari, E., Meghdari, A., Vazirnezhad, B. & Alemi, M. (2015). Ava (A social robot): Design and performance of a robotic hearing apparatus. LNCS: Social Robotics, 9388, 440-450, Springer, Oct. 2015. |
[ 43 ] | Schuller, A. (2017). At the crossroads of control: The intersection of artificial intelligence in autonomous weapon systems with international humanitarian law. Harvard National Security Journal, 8, 379-425. |
[ 44 ] | Sofge, E. (2015). Bill Gates fears A.I., but A.I. researchers know better. Popular Science. Retrieved at www.popsci.com/ bill-gates-fears-ai-ai-researchers-know-better |
[ 45 ] | Solum, L. (1992). Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70, 4, 1231-1287. |
[ 46 ] | Taheri, A.R., Meghdari, A., Alemi, M., Pouretemad, H.R. (2018). Human–robot interaction in autism treatment: A case study on three pairs of autistic children as twins, siblings, and classmates. International Journal of Social Robotics, 10, 1, 93-113. |
[ 47 ] | Themistoklis, T. (2018). Artificial intelligence as global commons and the “international law supremacy” principle. Proceedings of the 10th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities organized by Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (RAIS) at The Erdman Center at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Cambridge, MA: The Scientific Press. |
[ 48 ] | Tsagourias, N. (2015). The legal status of cyberspace. In N. Tsagourias & R. Buchan (Eds.), Research Handbook, International Law and Cyberspace, pp. 13-29. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. |
[ 49 ] | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2017. Will robots and AI cause mass unemployment? Not necessarily, but they do bring other threats. New York: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/policy/will-robots-and-ai-cause-mass-unemployment-not-necessarily-but-they-do-bring-other-threats.html |
[ 50 ] | Veruggio, G. (2005). The birth of roboethics. ICRA 2005, IEEE Int. Conference on Robotics and Automation: Workshop on Robo-Ethics, Barcelona, April 18, 2005. |
[ 51 ] | Warwick, K. & Shah, H. (2014). How good robots will enhance human life. In K.Tchoń & W.W. Gasparski (Eds), Treatise on Good Robots Edition: Praxiology: The International Annual of Practical Philosophy and Methodology Vol. 21, Book Chapter, Transaction Publishers, USA Editors: January 2014. |
[ 52 ] | Wisskirchen, G., Biacabe, B.T., Bormann, U., Muntz, A., Niehaus, G., Jiménez Soler, G. & von Brauchitsch, B. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace. London: IBA Global Employment Institute. |