Where The Boys Are, Post Covid-19: Shifting the Special Education and Out-of-School Suspension Narrative for Boys of Color
DOI: 10.54647/education88315 81 Downloads 5507 Views
Author(s)
Abstract
Far too long United States educational systems grappled with the stark disproportionality of boys of color over-identified for special education and the disproportionate rate of school suspensions and arrest. Under President’s Biden’s Covid relief plan, school districts have garnered fiscal support of unimaginable proportions, yet plans to readily address the ills impacting boys of color have yet to be fully developed or discussed in school districts. Post pandemic provides an opportunity for school districts and communities to galvanize their collective efforts to re-examine the disproportionality which continues to exist amongst boys in color identified for special education services.
Keywords
special education, boys of color, individualized education plan; out-of-school suspension
Cite this paper
Aresta L. Johnson, Kimberly Fitchett-Bazemore,
Where The Boys Are, Post Covid-19: Shifting the Special Education and Out-of-School Suspension Narrative for Boys of Color
, SCIREA Journal of Education.
Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2022 | PP. 1-10.
10.54647/education88315
References
[ 1 ] | Ayda, N. K., Bastas, M., Altinay, F., Altinay, Z., Dagli, G. (2020). Distance Education for Students with Special Needs in Primary Schools in the Period of CoVid-19 Epidemic. Journal of Educational Psychology 8(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8n3.587 |
[ 2 ] | Cagle, J.F. (2017). The cost of color in public education – An examination of disproportionate suspensions. Journal of Organizational & Educational Leadership, 3(1). https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/joel/vol3/iss1/3/ |
[ 3 ] | Cohen, D. R., Burns, M. K., Riley-Tillman, C., & Hosp, J. L. (2015). Are minority students under- or overrepresented in special education? National Association of School Psychologists, 44(2), 1. https://www.nasponline.org/publications/periodicals/communique/issues/volume-44-issue-2 |
[ 4 ] | Davis, C.R. (2017). Why are the black kids being suspended? An examination of a school district’s efforts to reform a faulty suspension policy through community conversations. School Community Journal 27(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1146472.pdf |
[ 5 ] | Debbag, M. (2017). Opinions of Prospective Classroom Teachers About Their Competence for Individualized Education Program (IEP). Universal Journal of Education Research, 5(2), 181-185. DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2017.050202 |
[ 6 ] | Farkas, G., Morgan, P. L., Hillemeier, M. M., Mitchell, C., & Woods, A. D. (2020). District-level achievement gaps explain Black and Hispanic overrepresentation in special education. Exceptional Children, 86(4), 374-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402919893695 |
[ 7 ] | Grindal, T., Schifter, L. S., Schwartz, G., & Hehir, T. (2019). Racial differences in special education identification and placement: Evidence across three states. Harvard Educational Review, 89(4), 525-553,700-702. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-89.4.525 |
[ 8 ] | Huang, F. L. (2016). Do black students misbehave more? investigating the differential involvement hypothesis and out-of-school suspensions. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(3), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1253538 |
[ 9 ] | Kunjufu, J. (2013, June 30). Changing school culture for black males. ProQuest Ebook. Central. 71-76. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ecsu1891.idm.oclc.org |
[ 10 ] | Lo, L. (2012). Demystifying the IEP process for diverse parents of children with disabilities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 44(3) ,14-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991204400302 |
[ 11 ] | Martin, J.E., Huber Marshall, L. & Sale, P. (2004). A 3 -year study of middle, junior high, and high school IEP meetings. Exceptional Children, 70(3), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001440290407000302 |
[ 12 ] | Mccray, C. R., Beachum, F. D., & Yawn, C. D. (2015). Saving our future by reducing suspensions and expulsions among African American males. Journal of School Leadership, 25(2), 345–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461502500206 |
[ 13 ] | Mizel, M. L., Miles, J. N. V., Pedersen, E. R., Tucker, J. S., Ewing, B. A., & D'Amico, E. J. (2016). To educate or to incarcerate: Factors in disproportionality in school discipline. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.009 |
[ 14 ] | Morgan, P.L., Farkas, G., Cook, M., Strassfeld, N.M., Hillemeier, M. M., Pun, W.H., & Schussler, D. L. (2017). Are black children disproportionately overrepresented in special education? A best-evidence synthesis. Exceptional Children, 83(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402916664042 |
[ 15 ] | Morgan, P. L., Woods, A. D., Wang, Y., Hillemeier, M. M., Farkas, G., & Mitchell, C. (2020). Are schools in the U.S. south using special education to segregate students by race? Exceptional Children, 86(3), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402919868486 |
[ 16 ] | National Center for Education Statistics (2018). Digest of Education Statistics, 2018. (n.d.). https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_233.40.asp. |
[ 17 ] | Nolan-Spohn, H. (2016). Increasing Student Involvement in IEPs. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 28(3), 300-308. https://www.mwera.org/MWER/volumes/v28/issue3/v28n3-Nolan-VOICES-FROM-THE-CLASSROOM.pdf |
[ 18 ] | Pearman, F.A., Curran, C.F., Fisher, B., Gardella, J. (2019). Are achievement gaps related to discipline gaps? Evidence from national data. Sage Journal, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2332858419875440 |
[ 19 ] | Pounds, L., Cuevas, J. (2019). Student involvement in IEPs. Georgia Educational Researcher, 16 (1), 23-47. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1206045.pdf |
[ 20 ] | Rios, K., Aleman-Tovar, J., & Burke, M.M. (2020). Special education experiences and stress among Latina mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101534 |
[ 21 ] | Scott, L. (2012). Teacher self-efficacy with teaching students to lead IEP meetings: A correlation study on administrator support. I-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 5(3), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.5.3.1655 |
[ 22 ] | Skiba, R.J., Choong-Geun, C., Trachok, M., Baker, T.L., Sheya, A., Hughes, R.L. (2014). Parsing disciplinary disproportionality: Contributions of infraction, student, and school characteristics to out-of-school suspension and expulsion. American Education Research Journal, 51(4). https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0002831214541670 |
[ 23 ] | United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division and the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights (2014, January 8). Joint Colleague Letter: Nondiscriminatory Administration of School Discipline. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201401-title-vi.html |
[ 24 ] | Wegmann, K. M., & Smith, B. (2019). Examining racial/ethnic disparities in school discipline in the context of student-reported behavior infractions. Children and Youth Services Review, 103, 18–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.027 |
[ 25 ] | Williams-Diehm, K., Brandes, J. A., Chesnut, P. W., & Haring, K. A. (2014). Student and parent IEP collaboration: A comparison across school settings. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 33(1), 3-11. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1521943202?accountid=10717 |
[ 26 ] | Wright, B. L., & Ford, D. Y. (2019). Remixing and reimagining the early childhood school experiences of brilliant black boys. Boyhood Studies, https://doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2019.120103 |